申命记27章：
♥全牲的燔祭是献给耶和华的，因为祭牲要整只烧尽（利一1～17）。平安祭大部分是给敬拜者食用的（利三1～17），他们在耶和华面前吃喝欢乐。
♥石灰"。借烘石膏而得，石膏可采于约但和死海的河谷。
♥阿们(Amen):此词的词源“阿们”原是指“支持”或“信任”某一对象。后来,这句话发展到意指“实实在在是如此”,或者是“惟愿如此成就”的具有赞同或祈愿的“阿们”,用在祈祷,赞美或宣告的结尾或末了。
♥以色列人在聆听上帝话语时要保持静默。
♥律法的话要明明写上（直译︰「好好彫刻」）。「掘」、「砍」，哈巴谷书二2用它来形容在石版上刻字。这个辞有刻字在人心的象征，即解说和附注（申一5）。「为善」、「行善」、「做得好」。所以全句话的意思，就是「好好地彫刻」，即明明地写上。
♥十二条公式为「示剑十二诫」（Dodecalogue of Shechem）
♥轻慢这个动词来自字根 q-l-l，有「轻」、「小」、「鄙视」的含义。这里的意思是「视之为微小或不重要」。人若有这样的思想，父母对他便变得无关重要，他对待父母的态度也会随之而改变。同样的字根也衍生了（qlala）「咒诅」一辞。
《希伯来文翻译》
〔原文字义〕「吩咐」命令，指示；「遵守」保守，看守。
『一切诫命』在此包括神的一切诫命、律例、典章。
♥在神与人之间发生了立约的事，神以立约的形式，来确定律法在祂百姓中间的地位。祂不会向立约的对方失信，祂一定照立约的内容来执行祂的义务，该赐辐的祂一定赐福，该追讨的祂也一定追讨，因为律法的约是十分严肃的。
♥当天」日子，一段时间；「墁上」粉刷。
♥过河后的第一件事，不是别的，是要立起石头。如果有人看见了，会以为他们是在建造防御工事，有人以为是建立记功碑，更会有人看到他们搬运大石头，以为是在给领袖来营造宫室；注意属灵事务的人，以为该建造永久性的圣殿。但他们立起石头后，又墁上了石灰，却另有用意。
「写在」书写，记录；「流」涌流，流出；「应许」应许，说话。：『流奶与蜜之地』形容迦南地乃是土地肥沃，适宜畜牧业、果林茂密之地；「奶」代表动物的精华，「蜜」代表植物的精华。
♥写上文字之后，石头就会讲话了，成为真实有效的见证，而且是永存不朽的见证。
文字的正确运用，不是为了歌颂自己的成就，不是为了消闲娱乐，更不能用来传播暴力或邪恶思想；我们要尽一切力量，用以载道。这是多么好遵行神旨的榜样。求主使教会知道当务之急，像以色列人善用文字。要用文字传达神的旨意，存到永久，广传给当世的人，也叫后代子孙谨守遵行，这才是教会增长蒙福之道。
♥「以巴路」石头，秃山；「立起来」直立；「墁上」粉刷。：『以巴路山』距离约但河浅滩仅约29公里，是陈明咒诅的话之处(申十一29)，用来警告以色列人。与基利心山对峙，两山之间为极深的裂谷，以巴路山顶光秃荒凉，象征祸患。至于基利心山，距约但河约48公里，地处示剑之南，全山林木茂盛，象征有福气，是陈明祝福的话之处(12节)。
「筑」建造；「坛」祭坛；「动」挥动，摇动。『石坛』是用石头迭成的祭坛(6节)；『不可动铁器』即指不可切割、研磨和凿劈，用意在保持浑然天成，避免人工的玷污(出二十25)。
人的掺杂与加上，在神的眼中是可厌的。
「没有凿过」完整的；「献给」上升，攀登。：『燔祭』指整个祭物须在祭坛上经过火烧，使馨香之气上升，全部献给神。
♥与人谈话，不可用凿过的石头。避免属世的智慧，求神的能力爱火点燃我的言谈。保罗说不知道别的，只知道耶稣和祂的十字架。
♥「欢乐」欢喜，快乐。：『平安祭』希伯来文表示「和好」「福祉」。此祭为一私人的献祭，所献的可为感谢、还愿或甘心献的(利七15~16)，表明献祭者对神的感恩，虔敬与奉献，并藉此显明神与人及人与邻舍的和谐关系。
♥「明明的(原文双字)」美好，令人满意(首字)；清楚，使之明显。
「默默静」安静，静默。『祭司利未人』指接续亚伦担任大祭司的以利亚撒和他的兄弟以他玛两人；『摩西和祭司利未人晓谕以色列众人』摩西继联合众长老向百姓说话(1节)之后，又和两位祭司联合说话，同样有意凸显他们的职责。
♥「遵行」做，制作，完成；「律例」法规，法令，条例。
：『听从』和『遵行』是同义词；『神的话』和『祂的诫命律例』在此也是同义词
♥「神的百姓」(9节)的身份是神白白的赏赐，而不是靠人的行为赚得的； 新约的信徒都是「蒙神的恩典，因基督耶稣的救赎，就白白地称义」(罗三24)，并不是根据我们的好行为；但每一个真正重生得救的人，「既然蒙召，行事为人就当与蒙召的恩相称」(弗四1)。
「当日」日子，一段时间；「嘱咐」命令，指示。
「西缅」听见；「利未」结合；「犹大」赞美的；「以萨迦」有价值；「约瑟」耶和华已增添；「便雅悯」右手之子；「基利心」割除。 ♥基利心山和以巴路山(13节)是在迦南地的心脏地带。在两山之间有示剑城，那地是亚伯拉罕第一次筑坛的地方，也是雅各正式承认神是祂的神的地 。他们的祖宗是在那里寻求神而蒙福。
♥神永远是乐意向人施恩的神，祂的心意是要叫人得着祂的荣耀和丰富，祂永远是让祂的祝福行在前头，祂并不喜悦人落在咒诅中。
流便」看哪一个儿子；「迦得」军队；「亚设」快乐的；「西布伦」高贵的；「但」审判；「拿弗他利」摔角；「以巴路」石头，秃山。
♥「以巴路山」(4节)位于迦南地交通中心示剑城的城北，靠近「摩利橡树」(申十一30)。「摩利橡树」是亚伯拉罕进入迦南时第一次停留的地方(创十二6)，神在这里第一次应许「我要把这地赐给你的后裔」(创十二7)，确认迦南就是应许之地。雅各也在这里第一次为神筑坛，正式承认神是以色列的神(创三十三20)。百姓在这里举行立约的仪式，也是宣告神对列祖应许的实现。
站在南面基利心山上的「西缅、利未、犹大、以萨迦、约瑟、便雅悯六个支派」(12节)，后来都定居在耶斯列平原以南；站在北面以巴路山上的「流便、迦得、亚设、西布伦、但、拿弗他利六个支派」(13节)，后来都定居在耶斯列平原以北。
♥「凡以行律法为本的，都是被咒诅的」(加三10)。而在「宣布咒诅」的「以巴路山」献上燔祭和平安祭，正预表主耶稣基督将在各各他山「一次将自己献上」(来七27)，「既为我们受了咒诅，就赎出我们脱离律法的咒诅」(加三10)。
♥「祝福」与「咒诅」是律法的两种功用，正面的功用是引导人到神面前去享用祝福，负面的功用是成为人在神面前接受审判的依据。
「高」升起，高举。
「所憎恶的偶像」可憎恶的事物；「雕刻」神像；「铸造」铸造的偶像；「暗中」遮盖，秘密；「设立」设立，放置。
『阿们』意思是「是的、诚心所愿、实实在在」。百姓如此响应，表示要负起自己行为的责任
♥「轻慢」轻视，羞辱。
「挪移」搬动，移动。：『挪移邻舍地界』指侵占别人的产业。
「走差」走入歧途，犯错。『使瞎子走差路』指代表故意欺骗瞎子的各种行为
♥「屈枉」倾斜，折弯；「正直」正义，公正。
『屈枉正直』指不顾事实而偏袒有权有势的一方。
♥「行淫」同卧，睡觉；「掀开」揭开。
「淫合」同卧，睡觉。『与兽淫合』是违逆神所创造的本性(利二十15；罗一26~27)。
Lebanon
The borders of contemporary Lebanon are a product of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920. Its territory was in the core of the Bronze Age Canaanite (Phoenician) city-states. As part of the Levant, it was part of numerous succeeding empires throughout ancient history, including the Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Achaemenid Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Sasanian Persian empires.
After the 7th-century Muslim conquest of the Levant, it was part of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid Seljuk and Fatimid empires. The crusader state of the County of Tripoli, founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse in 1102, encompassed most of present-day Lebanon, falling to the Mamluk Sultanate in 1289 and finally to the Ottoman Empire in 1516.[31] With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Greater Lebanon fell under French mandate in 1920,[32] and gained independence under president Bechara El Khoury in 1943. Lebanon's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of relative political stability and prosperity based on Beirut's position as a regional center for finance and trade, interspersed with political turmoil and armed conflict (1948 Arab–Israeli War, Lebanese Civil War 1975–1990, 2005 Cedar Revolution, 2006 Lebanon War, 2007 Lebanon conflict, 2006–08 Lebanese protests, 2008 conflict in Lebanon, 2011 Syrian Civil War spillover, and 2019–20 Lebanese protests).[33]
Ancient Lebanon
Map of Phoenicia and trade routes
Evidence dating back to an early settlement in Lebanon was found in Byblos, considered among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.[17] The evidence dates back to earlier than 5000 BC. Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and burial jars left by the Neolithic and Chalcolithic fishing communities who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea over 7,000 years ago.[34]
Lebanon was part of northern Canaan, and consequently became the homeland of Canaanite descendants, the Phoenicians, a seafaring people who spread across the Mediterranean in the first millennium BC.[35] The most prominent Phoenician cities were Byblos, Sidon and Tyre, while their most famous colonies were Carthage in present-day Tunisia and Cádiz in present-day Spain. The Phoenicians are credited with the invention of the oldest verified alphabet, which subsequently inspired the Greek alphabet and the Latin one thereafter.[36] The cities of Phoenicia were incorporated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE.[37] The Phoenician city-states were later incorporated into the empire of Alexander the Great following the siege of Tyre in 332 BC.[37]
In 64 BC, the Roman general Pompey the Great had the region of Syria annexed into the Roman Republic. The region was then split into two Imperial Provinces under the Roman Empire, Coele Syria and Phoenice, the latter which the land of present-day Lebanon was a part of.
Medieval Lebanon
The Fall of Tripoli to the Egyptian Mamluks and destruction of the Crusader state, the County of Tripoli, 1289
The region that is now Lebanon, as with the rest of Syria and much of Anatolia, became a major center of Christianity in the Roman Empire during the early spread of the faith. During the late 4th and early 5th century, a hermit named Maron established a monastic tradition focused on the importance of monotheism and asceticism, near the Mediterranean mountain range known as Mount Lebanon. The monks who followed Maron spread his teachings among Lebanese in the region. These Christians came to be known as Maronites and moved into the mountains to avoid religious persecution by Roman authorities.[38] During the frequent Roman–Persian Wars that lasted for many centuries, the Sassanid Persians occupied what is now Lebanon from 619 till 629.[39]
During the 7th century, the Muslim Arabs conquered Syria establishing a new regime to replace the Byzantines. Though Islam and the Arabic language were officially dominant under this new regime, the general populace nonetheless only gradually converted from Christianity and the Syriac language. The Maronite community, in particular, managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over Lebanon and Syria.
The relative (but not complete) isolation of the Lebanese mountains meant the mountains served as a refuge in the times of religious and political crises in the Levant. As such, the mountains displayed religious diversity and the existence of several well-established sects and religions, notably, Maronites, Druze, Shiite Muslims, Ismailis, Alawites and Jacobites.
Byblos is believed to have been first occupied between 8800 and 7000 BC[40] and continuously inhabited since 5000 BC,[41] making it among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.[42][43] It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[44]
During the 11th century, the Druze religion emerged from a branch of Shia Islam.
「暗中」遮盖，秘密。『暗中杀人』指蓄意谋害人命，与意外人命事故不同(民三十五15~16)。
「贿赂」赠送；「无辜」干净的，免罪。
『受贿赂害死无辜之人』指审理案件的审判官或见证人，因有分于任何不正当的金钱授受，以致屈枉正直，使无辜的一方被定死罪，或含冤而死。
♥「坚守」坚守，坚立
不坚守遵行这律法言语的』意指凡违背本章所列举的律法的。全部律法，只要有一次不遵行，就「必受咒诅」，因为「凡不常照律法书上所记一切之事去行的，就被咒诅」(加三10)；只要有一条不遵行，也「必受咒诅」，因为「只在一条上跌倒，他就是犯了众条」(雅二10)。
♥只有不认识自己、不认识律法的愚昧人，才敢在神面前说自己可以行完律法。但感谢神，「律法既因肉体软弱，有所不能行的，神就差遣自己的儿子，成为罪身的形状，作了赎罪祭，在肉体中定了罪案，使律法的义成就在我们这不随从肉体、只随从圣灵的人身上」(罗八3~4)，「这样，律法是我们训蒙的师傅，引我们到基督那里，使我们因信称义」(加三24)。
不坚守这律法言语的，必受咒诅。」在加拉太书三10「凡不常照律法书上所记一切之事去行的，就被咒诅。」咒诅是严厉的，触犯律法的机会又是大的，在时间上说定要「常」行律法，只要有一次的不行就触犯了。