Existential-humanistic

Psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first (food, water etc.) before higher-order needs can be met.[103]

Humanistic psychology, which has been influenced by existentialism and phenomenology,[104] stresses free will and self-actualization.[105] It emerged in the 1950s as a movement within academic psychology, in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis.[106] The humanistic approach seeks to view the whole person, not just fragmented parts of the personality or isolated cognitions.[107] Humanistic psychology also focuses on personal growth, self-identity, death, aloneness, and freedom. It emphasizes subjective meaning, the rejection of determinism, and concern for positive growth rather than pathology. Some founders of the humanistic school of thought were American psychologists Abraham Maslow, who formulated a hierarchy of human needs, and Carl Rogers, who created and developed client-centered therapy.

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Later, positive psychology opened up humanistic themes to scientific study. Positive psychology is the study of factors which contribute to human happiness and well-being, focusing more on people who are currently healthy. In 2010, Clinical Psychological Review published a special issue devoted to positive psychological interventions, such as gratitude journaling and the physical expression of gratitude. It is, however, far from clear that positive psychology is effective in making people happier.[108][109] Positive psychological interventions have been limited in scope, but their effects are thought to be somewhat better than placebo effects. The evidence, however, is far from clear that interventions based on positive psychology increase human happiness or resilience.[108][109]

Humanistic psychology is primarily an orientation toward the whole of psychology rather than a distinct area or school. It stands for respect for the worth of persons, respect for differences of approach, open-mindedness as to acceptable methods, and interest in exploration of new aspects of human behavior. As a "third force" in contemporary psychology, it is concerned with topics having little place in existing theories and systems: e.g., love, creativity, self, growth, organism, basic need-gratification, self-actualization, higher values, being, becoming, spontaneity, play, humor, affection, naturalness, warmth, ego-transcendence, objectivity, autonomy, responsibility, meaning, fair-play, transcendental experience, peak experience, courage, and related concepts.

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Existential psychology emphasizes the need to understand a client's total orientation towards the world. Existential psychology is opposed to reductionism, behaviorism, and other methods that objectify the individual.[105] In the 1950s and 1960s, influenced by philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger, psychoanalytically trained American psychologist Rollo May helped to develop existential psychology. Existential psychotherapy, which follows from existential psychology, is a therapeutic approach that is based on the idea that a person's inner conflict arises from that individual's confrontation with the givens of existence. Swiss psychoanalyst Ludwig Binswanger and American psychologist George Kelly may also be said to belong to the existential school.[111] Existential psychologists tend to differ from more "humanistic" psychologists in the former's relatively neutral view of human nature and relatively positive assessment of anxiety.[112] Existential psychologists emphasized the humanistic themes of death, free will, and meaning, suggesting that meaning can be shaped by myths and narratives; meaning can be deepened by the acceptance of free will, which is requisite to living an authentic life, albeit often with anxiety with regard to death.

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Personality

Personality psychology is concerned with enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Theories of personality vary across different psychological schools of thought. Each theory carries different assumptions about such features as the role of the unconscious and the importance of childhood experience. According to Freud, personality is based on the dynamic interactions of the id, ego, and super-ego.[116] By contrast, trait theorists have developed taxonomies of personality constructs

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    注：引用的地方：

     众人悄悄地在卖花船上聚会，在水深之处。

     花盆里藏着一些圣经诗歌本小册子。

    @夏炉冬扇 @我屋里栽了一颗桃树。@求主打击互联网黑帮 @基督徒是网络文明大使。 

    @金手指

    小林秀雄在《求美之心》：诸位，假如你漫步在原野上，看到一朵美丽的花在盛开。再一看，原来那是堇菜花。当在你思考“那是什么花，是堇菜花吗？”的瞬间，你已停止了对花的形状和花的颜色的观看了吧！你是在自己的心中说话了。如果堇菜花这个词汇进入你的心中，那你的眼睛就会封闭。所谓忘我看物，是那么难的事。当你判明了那是堇菜花时，是花的姿态和颜色的美感被语言完全替代了。如果没有语言的干扰，就那样在心中保持着花的美感，持续专心致志地看花，。。。。

   发光在天：也就是说，在审美的时候，先停止起名语言的冲动。

   因为：神造的万物在先，亚当的起名语言 在后 。

  世人看你，都是剪辑过的你，是某个精彩片段、是某次伤心场景。唯有Jesus，祂看见、了解你的全部，

  在最适当的时候给安慰、提醒、鼓励。“

  项飚：历史不能只是胜利者的历史，否则它只能是一种道德想象。郑和下西洋在目前的历史叙事里，郑和的远航错过了机会——殖民化扩张、发达的工业以及挖掘原料，但这只是历史的版本，如果你从拉丁美洲人的叙事和澳大利亚原住民的角度去看，还是这样吗？历史从来都是规则的历史，是野蛮的历史。那么，我们该如何拥有多元化的叙事呢？——给予不是历史中心的人一种力量感和目的感，然后他们可以站出来说，这是我选择的方式。” 

   良知为主，聪明为奴，其人必善良；良知为奴，聪明为主，其人必奸诈（林语堂）。

   美国著名心理学家、交往分析治疗体系的创始人艾瑞克·伯恩在《人间游戏：人际关系心理学》谈到：在任何特定时刻，社会群体中的每个个体都会表现出父母自我状态、成人自我状态或儿童自我状态。每个个体都可以在不同程度上从一种自我状态转变为另一种自我状态。

   三种自我状态的划分：1、每个人都有自己的父母（或父职人物/母职人物）；他的自我状态再现了父母当年的自我状态；父母的自我状态能在特定的情况下激活（即外在心理功能）。通俗地说，“每个人的心中都住着自己的父母”。

  2、每个人（包括儿童、智力迟钝者和精神分裂症患者），在自我状态激活的情况下，都能够进行客观的信息处理（即现今精神功能）。通俗地说，“每个人的心中都住着一个成人”。

  3、每个人都年轻过，心里都存留着早年生活的影子，在特定情况下，可以激活（即早期精神功能）。通俗地说，“每个人的心中都住着一个儿童”。划分出三种自我状态，艾瑞克·伯恩并不是要区分哪种自我状态更好、更重要，而是说，人格的这三个方面都有很高的生存价值。只有当其中的一个方面打破了健康平衡时，才有必要进行分析和重组。重要的是要有觉察、要懂得尊重和平衡。

   代祷之弓 ：父母的我 ------遗传的我。

         成人的我 -------理性负责数学逻辑 的我。

         儿童的我------感性好奇 心 单纯的我。

      这三个我，都是罪人。

      有遗传的罪性----亚当的悖逆。人类的头脑理智也是髑髅地。死人的头脑理性，救不了自己的灵魂！

      亚当的天真无邪，好奇心，儿童时代无罪时代，胜不过 蛇的引诱。

      所以，儿童的时候笑容多，越长大，笑容越少。

    代祷之弓：除了三类我。还有一个重生得救的我，一个信基督的我。一个新我！

     那些崇拜明朝的粉丝，无法解释：

“今山东直隶等处，连年灾伤，人民缺食，穷乏至极，艰窘莫甚。园林、桑枣、坟茔、树甎砍掘无存，易食已绝，无可度日，不免逃窜。携男抱女，衣不遮身，披草荐蒲席，匍匐而行，流移他乡乞食。街巷欲卖子女，率皆缺食，谁为之买？父母妻子不能相顾，哀号分离，转死沟壑，饿殍道路。欲便埋弃，又被他人割食，以此一家父子自相食。”

   ------恶意返乡，恶意就医，恶意种地，恶意买菜之后，又有了恶意参加葬礼，连基本的传统文化和人性常识都丢了…

   发光在天：明代也是吃人肉很多的朝代。

   。。。。。。。

   卖花船成了一条空船，载着漫天明月回家了。

上帝赐的自由才是真自由。人生而自由。而不是某个党派的恩赐。

  发光在 天 说：我是一个从小在嘲笑 羞耻恐惧批评中长大的孩子 ，所以我的个性有一些缺陷。

  @安定郝姥爷【教育心理学—原生家庭与孩子成长】在批评中长大的孩子，责难他人。在恐惧中长大的孩子，常常忧虑。在嘲笑中长大的孩子，个性羞怯。在羞耻中长大的孩子，自觉有罪。在鼓励中长大的孩子，深具自信。在宽容中长大的孩子，能够忍耐。在称赞中长大的孩子，懂得感恩。在认可中长大的孩子，喜欢自己。

    代祷之弓笑道 ：我是一个从小在鼓励宽容称赞认可中长大的女孩。难道就没有原罪本罪吗 ？

   原生家庭不背这个锅。

  那个邻居的爹有脑梗，妻子精神疾病。

  将孙女的尸体卖了8万，配阴婚。给儿子办了葬礼。剩下的作自己的养老钱。

 女孩死了也能作商品。

官方辟谣：网上热传的100名中国人在瑞士银行有7.8万亿存款不实。不是100名，而是373名。不是瑞士银行，是瑞银集团.

 ------求主拣选他们。

   额头一只小老虎的抹额。

   她喜欢养含羞草。